  Petelin-BV-vestnik-ksu-2024-3-ru.pdf |
- 24
- DENAZIFICATION OF THE IDEOLOGY OF NATIONAL SOCIALISM IN OCCUPIED GERMANY 1945–1949
- Petelin B.V. Denazification of the ideology of National Socialism in occupied Germany 1945–1949. Vestnik of Kostroma State University, 2024, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 196–204 (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2024-30-3-196-204
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2024-30-3-196-204
- УДК: 94(430)”1945/1949”
- EDN: HVIJKO
- Publish date: 2024-09-02
- Annotation: The policy of denazification pursued by the victors in occupied Germany, which is discussed in the article, is reflected in published sources, research, and memoirs. However, most of them concern practical measures aimed at eliminating the Nazi regime, primarily the identification and punishment of war criminals. It was much more difficult with the ideology of Nazism, which had penetrated deeply into German society. The problem was also the initial lack of understanding of its content and role in the formation of a totalitarian regime. The war had showed what a real threat to humanity the ideas and designs of German fascism, striving for world domination, posed. During the occupation period, the Allies had to rebuild the education system, upbringing, culture, social relations, and social life of the Germans. The ambiguity of approaches, which took place in the policy of all the occupation authorities in Germany, nevertheless showed us that the main tasks of denazification were indeed solved. However, the process of “overcoming the totalitarian pastˮ did not end there and had its continuation in the German history of the second half of the 20th century.
- Keywords: denazification, Nazi ideology, prisoners of war, German youth, Soviet occupation zone, overcoming totalitarian past.
- Literature list: Babichenko L.G. Antifashistskie shkoly` i kursy` nemeczkix voennoplenny`x v SSSR – sistema podgotovki aktiva dvizheniya «Svobodnaya Germaniya», kuznicza kadrov dlya budushhej GDR [Anti-fascist schools and courses for German prisoners of war in the USSR – a system for training the activists of the Free Germany movement, a forge of personnel for the future GDR]. Tragediya plena: sbornik materialov Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii «Okonchanie vojny`, zavershenie deyatel`nosti NKSG/SNO i nachalo repatriacii voennoplenny`x» (Moskva – Krasnogorsk, 31 oktyabrya – 2 noyabrya 1995 goda) [The tragedy of captivity: collection of materials from the International scientific and practical conference “The end of the war, the end of the activities of the NKSG/SNO and the beginning of the repatriation of prisoners of warˮ (Moscow – Krasnogorsk, October 31 – November 2, 1995)]. Krasnogorsk, 1996, pp. 59-68. (In Russ.) Blank A.S. Ideologiya germanskogo fashizma: materialy` k speczkursu «Germanskij fashizm i zapadnogermanskaya istoriografiya», ch. 3 [The ideology of German fascism: materials for the special course “German fascism and West German historiographyˮ, part 3]. Vologda, 1974, 124 p. (In Russ.) Boldy`rev R.Yu. Deyatel`nost` detskix i molodezhny`x organizacij v sovetskoj okkupacionnoj zone Germanii, 1945–1949 [Activities of children's and youth organizations in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, 1945–1949]. Vestnik Pomorskogo universiteta. Ser.: Gumanitarny`e i social`ny`e nauki [Bulletin of the Pomor University. Ser.: Humanities and Social Sciences], 2010, no. 2, pp. 7-16. (In Russ.) Bol`shaya Rossijskaya e`nciklopediya. T. 8: Grigor`ev – Dinamika [The Great Russian Encyclopedia. Vol. 8: Grigoriev – Dynamics]. Moscow, Bol`shaya Rossijskaya e`nciklopediya Publ., 2007, 766 p. (In Russ.) Boroznyak A.I. Zhestokaya pamyat`: Kak Germaniya preodolevaet nacistskoe proshloe [Cruel Memory: How Germany is Overcoming its Nazi Past]. Moscow, Al`pina Pabl., 2023, 470 p. (In Russ.) Dacishina M.V. Posle Gitlera: bitva za molodezh` Germanii, 1945–1949 gg. [After Hitler: the battle for the youth of Germany, 1945–1949]. Alma mater (Vestnik vy`sshej shkoly`) [Alma mater (Bulletin of the Higher School)], 2018, no. 6, pp. 108-115. (In Russ.) Deborin A.M. Ideologiya fashizma [Ideology of fascism]. Protiv fashistskogo mrakobesiya i demagogii: sbornik statej [Against fascist obscurantism and demagogy: A collection of articles]. Moscow, Socze`kgiz Publ., 1936, pp. 47-112. (In Russ.) Fidarova F.K. Germaniya: ot «kul`turnogo nacionalizma» k nacional-socializmu [Germany: From “Cultural Nationalism” to National Socialism]. Moscow, Politicheskaya e`nciklopediya Publ., 2016, 127 p. (In Russ.) Fraj N. Gosudarstvo fyurera: Nacional-socialisty` u vlasti: Germaniya, 1933–1945 [The Fuehrer's State: National Socialists in Power: Germany, 1933-1945]. Moscow, Rossijskaya politicheskaya e`nciklopediya (ROSSPE`N) Publ., 2009, 255 p. (In Russ.) Galaktionov Yu.V. Germanskij fashizm v zerkale istoriografii 20-30-x godov. Novoe prochtenie [German fascism in the mirror of historiography of the 20-30s. A new reading]. Kemerovo, Kuzbassvuzizdat Publ., 1996, 172 p. (In Russ.) Karl L. «O geroyax i lyudyax…». Sovetskoj kino o vojne: vzglyad iz GDR [“About Heroes and People...ˮ. Soviet Cinema about the War: A View from the GDR]. Moscow, Pamyatniki istoricheskoj my`sli Publ., 2008, 248 p. (In Russ.) Kenig X. Budushhee proshlogo: Nacional-socializm v politicheskom soznanii FRG [The Future of the Past: National Socialism in the Political Consciousness of the FRG]. Moscow, Rossijskaya politicheskaya e`nciklopediya (ROSSPE`N) Publ., 2012, 164 p. (In Russ.) Kul`turnaya zhizn` Federativnoj Respubliki Germaniya [Cultural Life of the Federal Republic of Germany], trans. by A. Semenov. Bonn, Inter Naciones Publ., 1993, 257 p. (In Russ.) Makarova L.M. Ideologiya nacizma [The Ideology of Nazism]. Syktyvkar, Syktyvkar State University Publishing House Publ., 2005, 174 p. (In Russ.) Mlechina I.V. Gyunter Grass [Günter Grass]. Moscow, Molodaya gvardiya Publ., 2015, 319 p. (Ser.: Zhizn` zamechatel`ny`x lyudej [Ser.: The Lives of Remarkable People”]). (In Russ.) Modrov X. Ya xotel zhit` v novoj Germanii [Wanted to Live in the New Germany]. Moscow, Mezhdunarodny`e otnosheniya Publ., 2000, 440 p. (In Russ.) Nefedov V.V. SEPG i kul`tura GDR [The SED and the Culture of the GDR]. Moscow, Nauchno-politicheskaya kniga Publ., 2019, 559 p. (In Russ.) NKSG – 50 let: sb. materialov rossijsko-germanskoj nauch.-prakt. konf. Moskva – Krasnogorsk, 7–9 sentyabrya 1993 g. [NKSG – 50 years.: collection of materials of the Russian-German scientific and practical conference (Moscow – Krasnogorsk, September 7–9, 1993)]. Krasnogorsk, 1994, 186 p. (In Russ.) Patrushev A.I. Germanskaya istoriya: cherez ternii dvux ty`syacheletij [German history: through the thorns of two millennia]. Moscow, 2007, 704 p. (In Russ.) Politika SVAG v oblasti kul`tury`, nauki i obrazovaniya: celi, metody`, rezul`taty`, 1945–1949: sbornik dokumentov [Policy of the SED in the field of culture, science and education: goals, methods, results., 1945–1949: collection of documents]. Moscow, Rossijskaya politicheskaya e`nciklopediya (ROSSPE`N) Publ., 2006, 976 p. (In Russ.) Semiryaga M.I. Kak my` upravlyali Germaniej [How we governed Germany]. Moscow, Rossijskaya politicheskaya e`nciklopediya (ROSSPE`N) Publ., 1995, 400 p. (In Russ.) Sovetskaya voennaya administraciya v Germanii, 1945–1949. Vzglyad cherez desyatiletiya: materialy` IV Vserossijskoj (s mezhdunarodny`m uchastiem) nauchnoj konferencii (Lipeczk, 25–26 aprelya 2024 g.) [Soviet military administration in Germany, 1945–1949. A look through the decades: materials of the Fourth All-Russian (with international participation) scientific conference]. Lipeczk, LSPU named after P.P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Publ., 2024, 135 s. (In Russ.) Sovetskaya politika v otnoshenii Germanii, 1944–1954: Dokumenty [Soviet policy towards Germany, 1944–1954: Documents], comp., ed. by J. Foitzik. Moscow, Rossijskaya politicheskaya e`nciklopediya Publ., 2011, 751 p. (In Russ.) Sovetskaya Voennaya Administraciya v Germanii (SVAG). Upravlenie propagandy (informacii) i S.I. Tyulpanov, 1945–1949 gg.: sbornik dokumentov [Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAG). Propaganda (Information) Directorate and S.I. Tyulpanov, 1945–1949: collection of documents]. Moscow, AIRO-XXI Publ.; St. Petersburg, Dmitrij Bulanin Publ., 2006, 352 p. (In Russ.) SSSR i germanskij vopros. 1941–1949: Dokumenty` iz Arxiva vneshnej politiki Rossijskoj Federacii: v 3 t. T. 3 [The USSR and the German Question. 1941–1949: Documents from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation: in 3 vols., vol. 3]. Moscow, Mezhdunarodny`e otnosheniya Publ., 2003, 856 p. (In Russ.) Tegeran. Yalta. Potsdam: sb. dokumentov [Tehran. Yalta. Potsdam. Collection of documents]. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya Publ., 1971, 416 p. (In Russ.) Timofeeva N.P. Nemeczkaya intelligenciya i politika reform: Sistema obrazovaniya v Vostochnoj Germanii 1945–1949 gg. [German intelligentsia and the policy of reform: The education system in East Germany 1945–1949]. Voronezh, Voronezh University Publishing House Publ., 1996, 157 p. (In Russ.) Tragediya plena: sbornik materialov Mezhdunarodnoj nauchno-prakticheskoj konferencii «Okonchanie vojny, zavershenie deyatel`nosti NKSG/SNO i nachalo repatriacii voennoplennyx» (Moskva – Krasnogorsk, 31 oktyabrya – 2 noyabrya 1995 goda) [The tragedy of captivity: collection of materials of the International scientific and practical conference “The end of the war, the end of the activities of the NKSG/SNO and the beginning of the repatriation of prisoners of warˮ (Moscow –Krasnogorsk, October 31 – November 2, 1995)]. Krasnogorsk, 1996, 200 p. (In Russ.) Tysheczkij I.T. Proisxozhdenie Vtoroj mirovoj vojny [The Origin of World War II]. Moscow, Mezhdunarodny`e otnosheniya Publ., 2020, 864 p. (In Russ.) Shirer U. Vzlet i padenie tret`ego rejxa.: v 2 t. T. 1 [The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: in 2 vols., vol. 1]. Moscow, Voenizdat Publ., 1991, 653 p. (In Russ.) Vashkau N.E`. «…Xot` raz napishu tebe pravdu». Pis`ma soldat vermaxta iz stalingradskogo okruzheniya [“...At Least Once I Will Write You the Truth.ˮ Letters from Wehrmacht Soldiers from the Stalingrad Encirclement]. Moscow, ROSSPE`N Publ., 2013, 135 p. (In Russ.) Vsevolodov V.A. Srok xraneniya – postoyanno! Kratkaya istoriya lagerya voennoplenny`x i internirovanny`x UPI NKVD-MVD SSSR № 27 [Shelf Life - Forever! A Brief History of the Prisoner of War and Internment Camp of the UPI NKVD-MVD of the USSR No. 27]. Moscow, Moskovskij izdatel`skij dom Publ., 2003, 272 s. (In Russ.) Zhukov B. Evgenika: xoteli kak luchshe… [Eugenics: They wanted the best...]. Znanie – sila [Knowledge is power], 2024, no. 5, pp. 55-64. (In Russ.). Za Germaniyu protiv Gitlera!: dokumenty` i materialy` o sozdanii i deyatel`nosti Nacional`nogo komiteta «Svobodnaya Germaniya» i Soyuza nemeczkix oficerov; Memorial`ny`j muzej nemeczkix antifashistov [For Germany against Hitler!: documents and materials on the creation and activities of the National Committee “Free Germanyˮ and the Union of German Officers; Memorial Museum of German Anti-Fascists]. Moscow, 1993, 512 p. (In Russ.) Zontxajmer K. Federativnaya Respublika Germaniya segodnya. Osnovny`e cherty` politicheskoj sistemy` [The Federal Republic of Germany Today. The Main Features of the Political System]. Moscow, Pamyatniki istoricheskoj my`sli Publ., 1996, 320 p. (In Russ.) Schroeder K. Der SED-Staat. Geschichte und Strukturen der DDR. München, 1998, 781 S.