1
Mikhail V. Novikov
Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogic University
SOVIET DIPLOMATIC SUPPORT TO THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN 1937–1939
Novikov M.V. Soviet diplomatic support to the Republic of China in 1937–1939. Vestnik of Kostroma State University, 2024, vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 8–16. (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2024-30-1-8-16
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2024-30-1-8-16
УДК: 94(510)”1937/1939”
EDN: YSELLR
Publish date: 2024-03-12
Annotation: The article considers the issue of the Soviet Union’s diplomatic support to the Republic of China at the initial stage of the Sino-Japanese War (1937–1939). It is noted that due to the outbreak of war, the Chinese government received real support neither from the League of Nations nor from the imperialist states since no one wanted to quarrel with Japan. It is emphasised that the leadership of the USSR had repeatedly unsuccessfully tried to negotiate with the imperialist powers on collective action against Japan, including, above all, the sanctions policy. Soviet diplomacy was ready to single-handedly support various foreign policy demarches of the leadership of the Republic of China. The data on numerous speeches by representatives of the USSR in the League of Nations in support of China are given. The active position of Soviet diplomacy during the so-called Brussels Conference is considered; their the Council of the League of Nations delegated the problem of Japanese aggression against China. It is emphasised that during the work of the Brussels conference, the delegations of Western countries demonstrated being uneager to aggravate relations with Japan; they only offered to search for peaceful ways to resolve the conflict, refused to accept collective sanctions against Japan or provide real international assistance to the victim of aggression – China. It is emphasised that Soviet diplomats continuously supported various initiatives of the government of the Chinese Republic in the League of Nations, only to be excluded from this organisation on December 14, 1939, after the USSR started war against Finland.
Keywords: USSR, Republic of China, Sino-Japanese War, League of Nations, Brussels Conference, Soviet diplomacy, diplomatic support.
Literature list: Borodin B.A. Pomoshch' SSSR kitaiskomu narodu v antiiaponskoi voine 1937–1941 [Assistance of the USSR to the Chinese people in the anti-Japanese war of 1937-1941]. Moscow, Thought Publ., 1965, 200 p. (In Russ.) Dogovor o nenapadenii mezhdu Soiuzom Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik i Kitaiskoi Respublikoi. 21 avgusta 1937 g. [Non-Aggression Treaty between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Republic of China. August 21, 1937]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 20: Ianvar' – dekabr' 1937 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 20: January – December 1937]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1976, pp. 466-468. (In Russ.) Istoriia diplomatii. T. 3 [History of diplomacy. Vol. 3], ed. by A.A. Gromyko & al., 2 ed. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1965, 831 p. Istoriia Kitaia s drevneishikh vremen do nachala XXI veka: v 10 t. [The history of China from ancient times to the beginning of the XXI century: in 10 vols.], ed. by S.L. Tikhvinskii. T. 7: Kitaiskaia Respublika (1912–1949) [Vol. 7: Republic of China], ed. N.L. Mamaeva. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2013, 863 p. (In Russ.) Pis'mo Narodnogo Komissara Inostrannykh Del SSSR Polnomochnomu Predstaviteliu SSSR v SShA A.A. Troianovskomu. 26 noiabria 1937 g. [Letter from the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR to the Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR in the USA A.A. Troyanovsky. November 26, 1937]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 20: Ianvar' – dekabr' 1937 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 20: January – December 1937]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1976, pp. 621-623. (In Russ.) Pravda [Truth: newspaper], 1937, September 29. (In Russ.) Pravda [Truth: newspaper], 1937, October 7. (In Russ.) Pravda [Truth: newspaper], 1938, October 2. (In Russ.) Protokol o vzaimopomoshchi mezhdu Soiuzom Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh respublik i Mongol'skoi narodnoi respublikoi. 12 marta 1936 g. [Protocol on Mutual Assistance between the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Mongolian People's Republic. March 12, 1936]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 19: 1 ianvaria – 31 dekabria 1936 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 19: January 1 – December 31, 1936]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1974, pp. 136, 137. (In Russ.) Rech' Predsedatelia sovetskoi delegatsii M.M. Litvinova na plenarnom zasedanii Assamblei Ligi natsii. 21 sentiabria 1937 g. [Speech by Chairman of the Soviet delegation M.M. Litvinov at the plenary session of the Assembly of the League of Nations. September 21, 1937]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 20: Ianvar' – dekabr' 1937 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 20: January – December 1937]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1976, pp. 509-518. (In Russ.) Rech' Predsedatelia sovetskoi delegatsii M.M. Litvinova na zasedanii Soveta Ligi natsii. 27 ianvaria 1938 g. [Speech by Chairman of the Soviet delegation M.M. Litvinov at a meeting of the Council of the League of Nations. January 27, 1938]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 21: 1 ianvaria – 31 dekabria 1938 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 21: January 1 – December 31, 1938]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1977, pp. 54-57. (In Russ.) Sipols V.E. Vneshniaia politika Sovetskogo Soiuza. 1936–1939 gg. [Foreign policy of the Soviet Union. 1936–1939]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1987, 336 p. (In Russ.) Telegramma Narodnogo Komissara Inostrannykh Del SSSR v NKID SSSR, iz Briusselia. 5 noiabria 1937 g. [Telegram from the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR to the NKID of the USSR, from Brussels. November 5, 1937]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 20: Ianvar' – dekabr' 1937 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 20: January – December 1937]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1976, p. 594. (In Russ.) Telegramma Narodnogo Komissara Inostrannykh Del SSSR v NKID SSSR, iz Briusselia. 6 noiabria 1937 g. [Telegram from the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR to the NKID of the USSR, from Brussels. November 6, 1937]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 20: Ianvar' – dekabr' 1937 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 20: January – December 1937]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1976, pp. 594, 595. (In Russ.) Telegramma Zamestitelia Narodnogo Komissara Inostrannykh Del SSSR v NKID SSSR, iz Briusselia. 13 noiabria 1937 g. [Telegram from the Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR to the NKID of the USSR, from Brussels. November 13, 1937]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 20:. Ianvar' – dekabr' 1937 g. [Documents of the USSR Foreign Policy. Vol. 20: January – December 1937]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1976, pp. 606, 607. (In Russ.) Telegramma Zamestitelia Narodnogo Komissara Inostrannykh Del SSSR v NKID SSSR, iz Briusselia. 23 noiabria 1937 g. [Telegram from the Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR to the NKID of the USSR, from Brussels. November 23, 1937]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 20. Ianvar' – dekabr' 1937 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 20 January – December 1937]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1976, pp. 617-619. (In Russ.) Telegramma Polnomochnogo Predstavitelia SSSR v Kitae v Narodnyi Komissariat Inostrannykh Del SSSR. 29 avgusta 1938 g. [Telegram from the Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR in China to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. August 29, 1938]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 21: 1 ianvaria – 31 dekabria 1938 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 21: January 1 – December 31, 1938]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1977, p. 462. (In Russ.) Telegramma Polnomochnogo Predstavitelia SSSR v Kitae v Narodnyi Komissariat Inostrannykh Del SSSR. 1 sentiabria 1938 g. [Telegram from the Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR in China to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. September 1, 1938]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 21: 1 ianvaria – 31 dekabria 1938 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 21: January 1 – December 31, 1938]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1977, p. 468. (In Russ.) Telegramma Polnomochnogo Predstavitelia SSSR v Kitae v Narodnyi Komissariat Inostrannykh Del SSSR. 2 sentiabria 1938 g. [Telegram from the Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR in China to the People's Commissariat for Foreign Affairs of the USSR. September 2, 1938]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 21: 1 ianvaria – 31 dekabria 1938 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 21: January 1 – December 31, 1938]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1977, p. 476. (In Russ.) Telegramma Zamestitelia Narodnogo Komissara Inostrannykh Del SSSR Polnomochnomu Predstaviteliu SSSR v Kitae I.T. Lugantsu-Orel'skomu. 8 sentiabria 1938 g. [Telegram from the Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR to the Plenipotentiary Representative of the USSR in China I.T. Lugants-Orelsky. September 8, 1938]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 21: 1 ianvaria – 31 dekabria 1938 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 21: January 1 – December 31, 1938]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1977, p. 482. (In Russ.) Vneshniaia politika SSSR: sb. dokumentov. T. 4: 1935 – iiun' 1941 g. [The foreign policy of the USSR: A collection of documents. Vol. 4: 1935 – June 1941]. Moscow, 1946, 647 p. (In Russ.) Zapis' besedy Zamestitelia Narodnogo Komissara Inostrannykh Del SSSR s Poslom v Kitae v SSSR Tszian Tin-fu. 20 avgusta 1937 g. [Recording of a conversation between the Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR and the Ambassador to China in the USSR Jiang Ting-fu. August 20, 1937]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 20: Ianvar' – dekabr' 1937 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 20: January – December 1937]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1976, pp. 465, 466. (In Russ.) Zapis' besedy Zamestitelia Narodnogo Komissara Inostrannykh Del SSSR s Poslom v Kitae v SSSR Tszian Tin-fu. 25 avgusta 1937 g. [Recording of a conversation between the Deputy People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR and the Ambassador to China in the USSR Jiang Ting-fu. August 25, 1937]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 20: Ianvar' – dekabr' 1937 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 20: January – December 1937]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1976, pp. 478, 479. (In Russ.) Zapis' besedy Narodnogo Komissara Inostrannykh Del SSSR s Poslom Kitaia v SSSR Ian Tsze. 15 oktiabria 1938 g. [Recording of the conversation of the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the USSR with the Chinese Ambassador to the USSR Yang Jie. October 15, 1938]. Dokumenty vneshnei politiki SSSR. T. 21: 1 ianvaria – 31 dekabria 1938 g. [Documents of the foreign policy of the USSR. Vol. 21: January 1 – December 31, 1938]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1977, p. 587. (In Russ.)
Author's info: Mikhail V. Novikov, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor, Honoured worker of science of the Russian Federation, head of the Department of Theory and Methods of Professional Education, Ushinsky Yaroslavl State Pedagogic University, Yaroslavl, Russia, m.novikov@yspu.org, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2498-8688