4
Anna I. Gromova
Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
“A Gauntlet” by Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson and “Vera: One for Many: From a Girl's Diary” by Bettina Dorothea Kris in the context of a public discussion about male chastity and double morality in the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries
Gromova A.I. “A Gauntlet” by Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson and “Vera: One for Many: From a Girl's Diary” by Bettina Dorothea Kris in the context of a public discussion about male chastity and double morality in the Russian Empire in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Vestnik of Kostroma State University, 2021, vol. 27, № 4, pp. 27-34 (In Russ.). https://doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-4-27-34
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2021-27-4-27-34
УДК: 821(481).09”19/20”
Publish date: 2021-11-15
Annotation: The article examines the controversy that arose in the public space of the Russian Empire after the publication in Russian of two resonant works of fiction – “A Gauntlet” by Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson and “One for Many” by Betty Kris – and gave impetus to the development of ethical views broadcast by their authors. In these books, translated into Russian with a difference of almost ten years, practically identical innovative and, one might say, sensational ideas for their time are expressed – Svava and Vera, the main heroines of the works, advocate the abolition of “unjust dual morality” and expect from a man the same premarital “purity”, the preservation of which was traditionally required exclusively from a woman within the framework of the patriarchal paradigm of marriage and family relations. The call for the abolition of double standards, expressed by B.Bjørnson and B.Kris (and embodied, which is important, precisely through the women, the heroines of their works), was directly related to the women’s movement developing during this period. There were incomparably more opponents of the ideas broadcast by the authors, who continued to adhere to the traditional view of sexual morality and the position of women in society, than its supporters. However, the very fact that such a discussion appeared in the public field and the fact that a number of representatives of the medical community, public figures, writers and journalists supported these ideas, speaks of the changes that have already begun to take place in the public consciousness.
Keywords: Russian empire, intelligentsia, sexual morality, chastity, marriage and family relations, women’s movement, fiction.
Funding and acknowledgments: This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, project 19-09-00191
Literature list: Anokhin A.K. Vozderzhanie ili razvrat? (Otkrytoe pis’mo tovarishcham) [Abstinence or debauchery? (Open letter to comrades)]. Kiev, lito-tip. t-va I.N. Kushnerev i K° Publ., 1905, 20 p. (In Russ.) Bezobrazov P.V. O sovremennom razvrate [About modern debauchery]. Moscow, pech. A.I. Snegirevoj Publ., 1900, 90 p. (In Russ.) B’ernson B. Perchatka: norv. komediia: v 3 d. [Glove: Norwegian comedy: in 3 d.]. St. Petersburg, tip. br. Panteleevykh Publ., 1892, 60 p. (In Russ.) Chlenov M.A. Polovaia perepis’ moskovskogo studenchestva i ee obshchestvennoe znachenie [Sex census of Moscow students and its social significance]. Moscow, Stud. med. izd. komis. Publ., 1909, 104 p. (In Russ.) D’iakonova E.A. Dnevnik russkoi zhenshchiny [Diary of a Russian woman]. Moscow, Izdatel’skii dom Mezhdunarodnogo universiteta v Moskve Publ., 2006, 672 p. (In Russ.) Gnedich P. Edinobrachie i mnogobrachie [Monogamy and polygamy]. Russkii vestnik [Russian herald], 1893, Ianvar’, vol. 224, pp. 194–218. (In Russ.) Gromova A.I. Zhenskaia seksual’nost’ i polovaia moral’: razlichie interpretatsii v otechestvennoi zhenskoi periodike nachala XX v. [Women’s sexuality and sexual morality: differences in interpretations in russian women’s periodicals at the beginning of the 20th century]. Sila slabykh: gendernye aspekty vzaimopomoshchi i liderstva v proshlom i nastoiashchem. Materialy Desiatoi mezhdunarodnoi nauchnoi konferentsii RAIZhI i IEA RAN, 7–10 sentiabria 201 g., Arkhangel’sk: v 3 t. [Strength of the weak: gender aspects of mutual aid and leadership in the past and present. Materials of the tenth international scientific conference of RAIZH and IEA RAS, september 7–10, 2017, Arkhangelsk: in 3 vols], ed. by N.L. Pushkareva, T.I. Troshina. Moscow, IEA RAN Publ., 2017, vol. 3, pp. 182–185, 272 p. (In Russ.) Ispolatova I.K. Samosoznanie zhenshchiny, kak faktor obnovleniia obshchestvennogo stroia [Self-awareness of a woman as a factor in the renewal of the social system]. Soiuz zhenshchin [Union of women], 1908, № 12, pp. 12–16. (In Russ.) Karmen L.O. Otvet Vere: odna iz mnogikh [Vera’s answer: one of many]. Odessa, Tip. Gal’perina i Shveitsera Publ., 1903, 24 p. (In Russ.) Kornig T.G. Gigiena tselomudriia [Chastity hygiene]. St. Petersburg, A. Sukhova Publ., 1900, 47 p. (In Russ.) Kris B. Odna za mnogikh: iz dnevnika molodoi devushki [One by many: from the diary of a young girl]. Moscow, tipo-lit. A.V. Vasil’eva i K° Publ., 1902, 109 p. (In Russ.) Malinin A.A. V zashchitu knigi Vera “Odna iz mnogikh” protiv retsenzii g. Friche [In defense of the book Vera «One of the Many» against the review of Mr. Fritsche]. Moscow, tip. A.V. Vasil’eva Publ., 1903, 14 p. (In Russ.) Mirotvorskaia N.A. Dve tetradi. Dnevnik N.A. Mirotvorskoi [Two notebooks. N.A. Mirotvorskaia’s diary]. Lib.ru: “Sovremennaia literature” [Lib.ru: Modern literature]. URL: http://lit.lib.ru/m/mirotworskaja_n_a/dve_tetradi.shtml (access date: 22.10.2021). (In Russ.) Osipovich T. Kommunizm, feminizm, osvobozhdenie zhenshchin i Aleksandra Kollontai [Communism, feminism, women’s liberation and Alexandra Kollontai]. ONS: Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost’ [Social sciences and modernity], 1993, № 1, pp. 174–186. (In Russ.) Pokrovskaia M.I. Budushchaia zhenshchina [Future woman]. Zhenskii vestnik [Women’s herald], 1912, № 2, pp. 33–35. (In Russ.) Pushkareva N.L. Seksual’nost’ v chastnoi zhizni russkoi zhenshchiny (XIX–XX vv.): vliianie pravoslavnogo i etakraticheskogo gendernykh poriadkov [Sexuality in the private life of a Russian woman (10th – 20th centuries): the influence of Orthodox and statocratic gender orders]. Zhenshchina v rossiiskom obshchestve [Women in Russian society], 2008, № 2, pp. 3–17. (In Russ.) Pushkareva N.L. Cennost’ dobrachnogo celomudrija v tradicionnoj russkoj kul’ture [The value of premarital chastity in traditional Russian culture]. Istoricheskaja psihologija i sociologija istorii [Historical Psychology & Sociology], 2011, № 1, pp. 33–46. (In Russ.) Pushkareva N., Belova A., Mitsiuk N. Smetaia zaprety. Ocherki russkoi seksual'noi kul'tury XI–XX vekov [Sweeping away the prohibitions: Essays on Russian sexual culture of the 11th – 20th centuries], Moscow, NLO Publ., 2020, 504 p. (In Russ.) Tolstoi L.N. Posleslovie k «Kreitserovoi sonate» [Afterword to the «Kreutzer Sonata»]. Tolstoi L.N. Sobranie sochinenii: v 22 t. [Collected works: in 22 vols.]. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literature Publ., 1982, vol. 12, pp. 197–210. (In Russ.)
Author's info: Anna I. Gromova, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia, anna4gromova@yandex.ru, https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5628-8750